Лестницы на второй этаж в частном доме фото своими руками: Лестница на второй этаж своими руками в доме, чертежи и схемы

Как сделать своими руками деревянную лестницу на второй этаж – пошаговая инструкция (видео)

Вы можете придумать десятки вариантов дизайна деревянной лестницы.

 

Монтаж деревянной лестницы своими руками

Современный частный дом обязательно оснащается лестницей для передвижения на верхние этажи или чердачное помещение и обычная стремянка тут вряд ли подойдет. Необходимо строить что-то более надежное и долговечное. Например, лестницу из массива какой-нибудь древесной породы. Деревянная лестница своими руками потребует особой внимательности на всех этапах ее изготовления.

Лестницы на второй этаж может иметь креативную конструкцию..

 

Преимущества

Дерево самый экологичный и наиболее простой в обработке материал, не требующий специальных навыков при обработке. Его можно применять как для внутриквартирных конструкций, так и для крыльца дома. Лестницы на металлическом каркасе считаются гораздо более надежными, но сейчас речь не о них. Полностью деревянные конструкции, которые можно собрать как конструктор, обладают следующими преимуществами:

• приемлемая цена;
• доступность материала;
• легкая обработка.

Для более комфортного подъема по лестнице можно установить настенные перила.

 

Самым распространенным материалом является сосна. Это недорогой мягкий сорт древесины, хорошо подходит для работы новичкам. Недостатком сосны является мягкость текстуры, из-за чего в процессе эксплуатации конструкция может начать темнеть, а ступени поскрипывать, если до начала строительства лестницы или крыльца из подобного материала, не провести необходимую обработку древесины.

Готовые ступени для лестницы из сосны.

 

При строительстве более надежной, красивой и долговечной лестничной конструкции лучше использовать дорогие сорта. Лестницы из массива бука, дуба или лиственницы имеют неподражаемую структуру и повышенную износостойкость по причине плотности данного материала. Единственным недостатком этих пород является высокая цена.

Лестница из дуба смотрится очень красиво.

 

Конструкция

Как сделать деревянную лестницу для крыльца или для дома из массива дуба, сосны, ясеня и лиственницы? Прежде чем изучать инструкцию по изготовлению, говорить о каркасе и комплектующих, необходимо разобраться какие виды деревянных конструкций можно собрать своими руками. Условно, можно выделить маршевые и винтовые лестницы.

Важно выбрать правильное место под лестницу на второй этаж.

 

Винтовые конструкции используются в помещениях с ограниченным пространством. Эти конструкции не приспособлены для перемещения габаритных предметов и могут быть использованы только для передвижения человека. Такая лестница никогда не будет полностью деревянной, поскольку опора (штанга, труба) изготавливается из металла.

Необычный дизайн винтовой лестницы.

 

Маршевые лестницы – наиболее просты в исполнении. Подобного рода деревянные конструкции на косоурах или тетивах монтируются как внутри помещения, так и снаружи (в основном для крыльца, которое, как правило, располагается на каркасе из металла). При внутреннем монтаже основным критерием является эргономичность. Именно поэтому не так важно, какая лестница будет построена у вас в помещении – одномаршевая, двухмаршевая с площадкой, или конструкция с забежными ступенями. Стоит отметить, что построить лестницу на 2-й этаж с поворотом не намного сложнее, чем прямую.

Двухмаршевая стильная лестница.

 

Главное, чтобы она идеально вписалась в отведенное ей пространство и гармонировала по стилю с окружающими ее инженерными элементами. Деревянная лестница внутри дома – это прежде всего тепло и уют. Это вам не простенькие лестницы для крыльца и не сварные конструкции на металлическом каркасе. Чтобы правильно подобрать вид лестничной конструкции, нужно измерить площадь, на которой будет располагаться лестница. Затем произвести первоначальные расчеты и нарисовать чертежи. Детальный чертеж покажет расположение конструкции в помещении и насколько она будет эргономична.

Чертеж маршевой деревянной лестницы.

 

Элементы

Изготовление деревянных лестниц из массива древесины потребует некоторых знаний об элементах лестничных конструкций. Разберемся в терминологии.

1. Тетива – несущая балка и элемент дополнительного крепежа ступеней, расположенный с торца последних.
2. Косоуры – наиболее распространенный способ изготовления деревянных лестничных конструкций. В несущих параллельно идущих балках производятся запилы, на которые укладываются проступи.
3. Проступи – поверхность ступени.
4. Подступенки – вертикальная часть ступени, монтируется (при необходимости) между ступенями, закрывая видимое пространство.
5. Балясины – элемент ограждения, придает конструкции дополнительную жесткость и прочность. Крепятся к ступеням и перилам.
6. Столбы (или опорная штанга) – устанавливаются в основном при монтаже винтовых конструкций в качестве основного (центрального) несущего элемента.
7. Перила –часть ограждающей конструкции лестницы, крепится сверху балясин или крепежных спиц.
8. Декоративные элементы – декоративные накладки, заглушки.

Обозначения элементов деревянной лестницы.

 

На тетивах или косоурах?

Лестницы для дома на тетивах и косоурах одинаково просты при самостоятельном изготовлении. Следует понимать разницу между ними. Тетивы крепятся с торца проступи при помощи уголков, пазов и столярного клея или при помощи брусков. Все это скрепляется саморезами или болтовыми соединениями.

Крепление ступеней к тетиве.

 

Косоуры располагаются под ступенями и крепятся специальной крепежной фурнитурой.

Крепление косоура.

 

Для производства тетив и косоуров чаще всего используют заготовки из массива дуба, ясеня, сосны и лиственницы. Эти породы деревьев наиболее распространены на просторах нашей родины. Для изготовления несущих элементов на деревообрабатывающих предприятиях используют станки, распускающие бревна на необрезную доску необходимой толщины (а несущие части это не менее 50 мм), при обрезке которой и формируется готовый брус (50х50, 50х100 и т.д.). Если вы решили своими руками собирать именно конструкцию на тетивах, рекомендуем дополнительно ознакомиться с данной статьей.

Фрезеровка тетивы под ступеньки

 

Изготовление косоура

 

Расчет

Чтобы сделать деревянную лестницу своими руками необходимо произвести точные расчеты и составить чертеж.

1. Угол наклона лестницы не должен быть выше 45 градусов.
2. Глубина проступи не должна быть меньше 250мм.
3. Высота подступенка находится в пределах 160-200мм.
4. Минимальная ширина проема 1000мм.
5. Высота ограждений (перил) не должна превышать 1000мм. Для детей устанавливаются дополнительные поручни на высоте 600мм.
6. Вертикальный проем не должен быть ниже 2000мм.

Расчет для лестницы можно произвести в компьютерной программе.

 

Применяя эти простые правила можно построить правильную и удобную лестничную конструкцию для дома или для крыльца.

Важно!

Следует помнить, что самая верхняя ступенька должна встать вровень с полом второго этажа, это касается и бетонных, и деревянных перекрытий.

Вырез для ступени на втором этаже.

 

Разметка и изготовление элементов

Рассмотрим подробную инструкцию о том, как сделать деревянную лестницу для дома. После детальных расчетов и анализа чертежа, можно приступать к разметке и изготовлению элементов конструкции.

1. Наносим разметку на тетивы или косоуры. Для этого удобно использовать прямоугольный треугольник или специальный уголок с отмеченными катетами (высота подступенка и ширина проступи).
2. Отмеряем длину ступеней и подступенков, а также остальных элементов, которые будем выпиливать самостоятельно.
3. Выпиливаем все элементы лестничной конструкции при помощи электропилы.
4. Зашкуриваем все деревянные заготовки лестницы.
5. При отсутствии проема для прохода на второй этаж, необходимо его организовать путем демонтажа части перекрытия.

Разметка также немаловажный процесс при проектировании деревянной лестницы.

 

Инструкция по сборке и монтажу

Сборка лестницы для дома на деревянных косоурах или тетивах начинается с установки несущих элементов. Жесткая фиксация в верхней и нижней точках производится с помощью уголков, резьбовых соединений, или анкеров (в зависимости от материала перекрытия и пола). Перед окончательным закреплением несущих конструкций неплохо бы лишний раз проверить совпадение горизонтов. Для этого используется уровень, положенный на горизонтальные “зарезы” (место крепления будущей проступи). Если косоуры резались по одному лекалу, то волноваться особо не стоит. Так что не ленитесь в процессе сборки лишний раз заглянуть в чертеж и держите под рукой измерительный инструмент.

Проверка равномерности горизонтов строительным уровнем.

 

Лестница из бревен

Достаточно часто возникает вопрос: “А можно ли сделать лестницу из бревна?”. Конечно можно. Только из одного бревна ее сделать не получится. Давайте рассмотрим варианты.

Лестница из бревен имеет массивный вид.

 

Бревна распиливаются пополам. Из этих заготовок впоследствии будут изготовлены ступени и несущие части (можно сказать массивные “тетивы”). Для удобства обратимся к самому простому проекту – прямой лестнице. После обработки лицевой стороны с помощью электрорубанка и наждачного круга, приступаем к разметке внутренней стороны. На ее будут закреплены ступени и крепежные элементы (стальной уголок самый подходящий для такой массивной конструкции вариант, крепится резьбовым соединением или анкером).

Стальной уголок для лестницы из бревен.

 

Устанавливаем наши тетивы, закрепив их на перекрытии и на полу. В соответствии с разметкой, саморезами крепим к тетивам бруски, которые будут поддерживать наши ступени из полубревен (ширину выбирайте сами). Непосредственно перед фиксацией проверяем уровнем горизонт каждой ступени. Сверлим отверстие через тетиву в торец ступени, не допуская при этом ее смещения. Закладываем анкер и затягиваем его до упора. На каждую ступень приходится четыре анкера. Маленький секрет крепежа – для большей надежности внутрь высверленного отверстия капните силиконовый герметик, а после уже закладывайте анкер. Головку анкерного болта можно спрятать в потай.

Крепление брусков к тетиве с помощью саморезов.

 

Для монтажа такой лестницы можно использовать и резьбовые соединения с организацией скрытых “окон” в ступенях для стягивающих элементов, но для этого нужны серьезные навыки работы с деревом. Такая конструкция из бревна гораздо надежнее.Из бревна можно также изготовить ступени для лестницы крыльца, что тоже весьма интересно.

Крыльцо из бревен придает Вашему дому дух средневековья.

 

Некоторые умудряются из одного цельного бревна создать нечто, отдаленно напоминающее лестницу, уложив его под нужным углом, и нарезав в нем, подобие ступеней. Правильнее было бы уложить параллельно два бревна в качестве несущих косоуров, сделать в них зарезы для ступеней и прикрепить последние к несущим частям.Так что лестницу из бревна сделать можно. Остается добавить, что подобная конструкция, если она сделана правильно, будет по надежности не хуже бетонных. Как видите, маршевые конструкции достаточно просты в монтаже. Если же говорить о винтовых, то здесь все несколько сложнее. Однако и их вы вполне сможете установить своими руками. Для этого мы также подготовили подробную статью.

Лестница из бревен своими руками

 

Обработка готового изделия

Все элементы лестничной конструкции надежно закреплены и зашкурены. Остается только обработать поверхность крыльца или лестницы для дома специальными средствами защиты от насекомых, от гниения и для придания красивого внешнего вида.

Внутридомовые лестницы должны гармонично вписаться в интерьер помещения. Поэтому для обработки этих конструкций применяется лаковое покрытие. При необходимости, лестницу можно тонировать в подходящие оттенки цветным лаком, морилкой или же выбелить (этот прием сейчас очень популярен).

С помощью специальных лаков или морилки, лестницу можно тонировать в любой из цветов.

 

Весь процесс обработки можно разделить на три основных процесса:

• шлифовка;
• грунтовка;
• защита лаком.

Лучше всего шлифовать лестницу на начальном этапе разобранном виде.

 

Совет!

При выборе материалов для обработки лучше отдавать предпочтение алкидным и уретановым лакам.

Обработку крыльца дома из дерева очень хорошо производить олифой, нанесенной в несколько слоев. Это предотвратит конструкцию от гниения, и продлит срок ее использования.

Новичку без определенных навыков работы с инструментом, построить самостоятельно лестницу будет не просто. Однако это возможно. Главное правильно произвести расчет и точно разметить элементы конструкции. Монтаж точно выверенных деталей не составит больших хлопот.

Профессиональное изготовление и установка деревянной лестницы

 

90000 How to Plan Stairs | Home Guides 90001 90002 By Joseph West Updated December 17, 2018 90003 90002 As one of the more difficult aspects of residential construction, stair design takes math skills, patience and time. Improperly designed stairs cause inconvenience or unnecessary fatigue, especially for people with limited mobility. Excessively steep stairs might not meet local building codes. By incorporating standard design constraints and following local building code requirements, you can plan a functional, convenient and safe staircase.90003 90006 Finding the Right Spot 90007 90002 A staircase takes up a lot of room on both the lower and upper floors, requiring careful consideration of the location. Plan a typical staircase for a house with an 8-foot ceiling at 3 feet wide with between 9 and 10 feet of horizontal floor space. Allocate the 30 square feet above and below the stair for access between floors. You can enclose the area beneath the staircase on the first floor for extra storage, as most of it has restricted headroom.For houses with a knee-wall second story, make certain the staircase does not enter the upper floor in an area with a low ceiling. 90003 90010 By the Numbers 90007 90002 Code requirements vary between city and county building jurisdictions for tread depth and height of stairs, so consult your local building codes for exact specifications. Incorporate framing safety requirements when designing your staircase to make certain it passes code. In California for example, each step requires a minimum headroom of 6 feet, 6 inches.You may need to make the floor opening or the run of the staircase longer to fulfill this requirement. California code also requires a minimum width of 30 inches for each step, a riser height of at least 4 inches, no greater than 8 inches and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches. 90003 90014 Counting the Steps 90007 90002 To determine the number of steps needed to go from one floor to the next, start by finding the total rise — the vertical distance spanned by the staircase — by measuring from the finish floor of the lower level to the finish floor of the upper level.Divide this by a typical riser height, such as 8 inches, to get an idea of ​​a reasonable number of steps. For example, a total rise of 102 inches divided by 8 inches equals 12.75 stairs. All steps must have the same dimensions, so round up to the nearest whole number. The example staircase requires 13 risers and 12 treads. Do not count the last riser because it is level with the second floor. 90003 90018 Rise and Run 90007 90002 The final details needed for your stair design involve calculating the rise of each step and the horizontal travel of the entire staircase, known as run.Once you have these figures, you can calculate the angle at which you need to cut the stringers and find the height or rise of each step. For the example staircase, take the total rise of 102 inches divided by 13 risers to equal 7.85 inches, rounded to 7 7/8 inches for each riser. Next calculate the run of the staircase to find the stringer length. Multiply the 12 treads by the minimum tread depth of 9 inches to arrive at 108 inches for the staircase run. Add nosing and riser thickness of 2 1/4 inches to achieve a total run of 110 1/4 inches.The calculations for the example staircase result in a 7 7/8-inch riser with 13 risers, 12 treads, a tread depth of 9 inches and a staircase that is 110 1/4 inches long. 90003.90000 Stairs in a private house — the device and problems | With Your Hands 90001 90002 Unfortunately, many developers are thinking about erecting the staircase only at the time when the construction of the house has already been completed. As a result, they have to make truly titanic efforts to overcome unexpected difficulties. Consider the most common problems associated with the construction of stairs in a private house. 90003 90004 The problem with the construction of stairs in the house 1: SMALL OPEN 90005 90002 Such cases usually occur when the owner of the house is building on his own and on his own project, which he also constantly changes, depending on the tasks that arise.At the same time, for the staircase there remains an opening of an arbitrary, as a rule, a small size, where a temporary construction is placed for the construction period. 90003 90002 After the completion of the works, the developer applies to a company specializing in the production of stairs, and she sends the meter, which fixes the dimensions of the opening: width 80-100 cm, length 150-200, 90003 90002 Most often, the opening can not be extended — the owners do not agree to groove the concrete overlap or carry the load-bearing walls (even wooden ones).The only possible option — to establish a narrow staircase «goose step» (on strings or strings), the steps of which have a wide right or left half. Movement on it can start only with a certain foot. 90003 90002 90003 90014 Ladder «goose step» has a slope angle of 45-70 °, but takes up little space. Thanks to the rails and the optimum height of the steps, the possibility of falling practically is reduced to zero 90003 90004 The problem with the construction of a staircase in the house 2. LADDER IN MANSARDU 90005 90002 Another vessel is a task related to «samostroem.»The previous situation is almost completely repeated, but the matter is complicated by the fact that the provided opening adjoins the wall of the house and goes into the attic space, whose height from the priest to the beginning of the inclined wall is much less than human growth (usually a maximum of 1,2 m). 90003 90002 Of course, you can not install a straight ladder in the open window — climbing it. you will be at the exit constantly bumping against the sloping wall (or ceiling) of the attic.But in this difficult situation it is possible to find a worthy decision. 90003 90002 So, before going to the attic, the staircase should rotate to 90 ° (opposite the wall side) with the help of runways, and then the person climbing it will immediately get 8 space 1.8-2 height (from floor to ceiling). True, we must prepare for the fact that an additional turn will increase the cost of the stairs by 10-20%. But there is no other way out. 90003 90014 90025 About the contiguity of the staircase to the side wall of the attic, you do not think at once, but only after the first blow your head on the inclined wall-roof 90026 90003 90002 90003 90030 90002 Reference by topic: As their own hands to make a two-run ladder to the second floor (photo + drawings) 90003 90030 90004 The problem with the construction of a staircase in a private house 3: DESIGN STAIR 90005 90002 Most customers, agreeing on the development of a design project at home, usually order from the same specialist and the ladder, so that it was executed in a unified style with the rest of the elements.90003 90002 However, the implementation of the project is not always successful: for some reason you bang your head on the upward step, then the legs do not fit on the steps. The thing is. that «designer» and «designer of stairs» are absolutely different professions. Therefore, by purchasing a design project (individual or standard) at home, where there is a staircase, do not be lazy to visit the office of a company that specializes in similar structures. Professionals will evaluate the project and identify possible errors.And in the largest companies this service can be provided free of charge, provided, of course, the ladder does not have to be re-designed. 90003 90002 And if then you decide to order a ladder in the same company, the cost of manufacturing it will be reduced by the amount spent on redesigning. In this case, you will be reliably insured against blows with your head on the step. 90003 90014 90025 In order to make the staircase easy to use, it is necessary to take into account factors such as the height and width of the steps, the slope, the height of the space above the head of the ascending person, etc., Especially when designing it. Particularly critical errors are in the design of spiral staircases — the latter easily turn into a kind of hill, on which it is necessary not to go down, but to move out 90026 90003 90002 90003 90030 90002 Reference by topic: Attic staircase: installation and insulation by one’s own hands (photo) 90003 90030 90004 The staircase in a private house is a problem: the stairs on the heels 90005 90002 The structures of the stairs, which are based on two bearing beams, called kosoura or strings, have recently lost popularity.But the demand for stairs on one kosoura or string, and on one side of the structure, on the contrary, increases. The reason is obvious — this ladder seems to be lighter and laced. However, inexperienced manufacturers forget that even the «weightless» side (in which there is no second bearing element) the ladder must have sufficient load-bearing capacity, otherwise the structure will simply break off. To avoid collapse, all the load acting on the «delicate» side of the wooden stairs, should be shifted to a powerful wooden handrail and tie it to the steps with metal rods — they are hidden inside the thin wooden balusters.In the stairs of metal stairs, the steps are connected with each other by powerful metal elements — the bolts covered with decorative caps on the outside, which are made in the same style as the railings and balusters. 90003 90002 90003 90014 90025 Before you order a ladder with one side strut, try to find out exactly which parts will carry the load from its «openwork» side: powerful handrails, steps joining elements, etc. If you can not figure it out — go boldly to another company 90026 90003 90004 The 5 problem.sliding stairs in a private house 90005 90002 In the manufacture and lining of steps of stairs use a variety of materials. 90003 90002 So, for a long time used for this purpose natural stone (marble, granite, etc.), glass, ceramic granite and even polymers imitating natural material were added today. However, developers often forget that any of the materials used should be not only aesthetically pleasing, but also corresponding to sufficiently stringent requirements for safety of climbing and descending the stairs.90003 90002 For example, you can make anti-slip notches along the edge of the steps. Many companies initially offer steps with such a notch, but only developers do not always pay attention to such «trivia.» But in vain. because it is more difficult and expensive to make a notch on the finished steps. Although this option is possible. 90003 90002 90003 90014 90025 Stairs with glass or marble steps are able to decorate any home. However, it should be remembered that this material is very slippery, especially when wet 90026 90003 90014 90025 A notch along the leading edge or along the perimeter of the steps will prevent gliding even on the wet ladder 90026 90003 90030 90002 Reference by topic: Spiral staircase with your own hands: photos and drawings 90003 90030 90004 The 6 problem.Steps in the private house 90005 90002 When ordering a staircase with turning steps, it should be taken into account that its design and manufacturing are more complicated, laborious and. therefore, are not cheap. 90003 90002 In order to facilitate production and reduce costs, some manufacturers are using triangular-shaped rotary stages — all of them (regardless of quantity) are identical to each other and converge to one vertical axis. The design is dangerous primarily because walking along the inner radius at the turn of such a ladder is almost impossible: there is simply no place to put a foot.So, it is worth a little zazevatsya — and the trauma is inevitable. 90003 90002 These run-of-the-mill steps are calculated and manufactured separately, which determines the relatively high cost of their production. And the installation of such structures will cost more than any other staircase. 90003 90092 90002 90025 If the manufacturer shows you a sample or a photo of a ladder with a stepped triangular step — say goodbye to him without regret 90026 90003 90097 90030 90002 See also: How to replace a step in a wooden staircase 90003 90030 90004 The problem of 7 ladders: the shrinkage of a wooden house 90005 90002 Despite the abundance of new construction technologies on the Russian market, many developers prefer to build houses from wood — both natural (beam, log, etc.), And glued. However, when ordering stairs, most owners do not take into account that even the glued beam is subject to shrinkage, albeit to a lesser extent than conventional wood. 90003 90002 Particularly intensive shrinkage of natural wood occurs in the first years of operation, then its rate decreases, but this process never stops, because the material constantly draws moisture from the air. then gives it back. That is why when installing stairs in wooden houses, screw shrinkage compensators, similar to those installed under vertical supports, should be used.It is undesirable to rigidly fasten the ladder to the walls. 90003 90002 90003 90014 90025 The screw shrinkage compensators can be installed, for example, under the lower step of the ladder. On their sides is covered with a «sliding» decorative overlay 90026 90003 90030 90002 90116 Requirements for installing stairs in a private house 90117 90003 90119 90120 Overlapping should be free of voids and have a thickness of at least 180 mm 90121 90120 Adjacent stairs to the opening, correspond to the angle of 90 degrees.90121 90120 To avoid disturbance of the wiring during installation, the communication stairs in the walls and in the floor must be marked during the measurement stage. 90121 90120 If there is a window in the stairway area, you must be prepared to prevent the ladder from opening the doors. 90121 90120 In the zone of the wooden staircase there should not be warm floors, batteries. 90121 90120 If the walls are made of foam blocks or plasterboard, mortgages are needed in places where the staircase will be attached to the walls 90121 90132 90030 90004 Stairs in a private house — the device and the choice of material is important! 90005 90002 Ideally, the location and configuration of the stairs should be provided at the design stage of the house.And it does not matter whether it will be a monolithic reinforced concrete staircase or an elegant model of wood or metal, chosen according to the catalog of the manufacturer of the stairs. 90003 90002 Elegant person 90003 90002 The construction of a monolithic ladder is a complicated process, requiring highly qualified builders. In addition, heavy structures can not be installed in houses with light walls (block, wooden, frame). And therefore it is not surprising that the majority of people engaged in the construction or reconstruction of their homes prefer light, beautiful, but no less reliable designs of factory production.These stairs are installed at the final stage of finishing the house. But with the choice of the model, it is desirable to determine before the construction of the floors begins. 90003 90002 By your standards 90003 90002 It’s easy to get a nice and high-quality ladder today. Many domestic manufacturers and distributors of foreign companies offer a rich assortment of the most diverse models. You, or together with the designer, choose the model you like from the manufacturer’s catalog. After your visit to the office of the company and the coordination of the main questions, a specialist comes to you and makes all the necessary measurements.Then the project documentation is prepared and together with the copy of the signed contract is sent to the factory. The waiting time for delivery is from one to three months. The ladder is delivered in demountable form — with mounting modules, to which detailed instructions for assembly and operation are necessarily attached. This design can be assembled on its own in a few hours, but it is better to use the services of the service department of the manufacturer. 90003 90092 90002 90025 Lighting stairs it is important both from the point of view of aesthetics and safety.Fixtures are mounted in strings or strings, in screw structures — in the pillar. If the staircase is open, then the lamps, located from the «inside» of the staircase, illuminate each step, serving as an additional source of light. 90026 90003 90097 90002 Marches and screws 90003 90002 Before you start choosing a ladder, it will be superfluous to understand some of the design features of different models. All of them are divided into marching and screw. The marsh is an inclined part of the staircase, consisting of supports (strings, strings, bolts) and steps.A ladder that does not have an intermediate platform is called a single-march staircase. It can be straight or curved, repeating the bend of the wall and equipped with turning staging steps. A ladder with one horizontal platform is called a two-march, with two — respectively three-march. Screw stairs do not have docks, they consist entirely of sloping steps, twisted around a central pillar. Moving along them is not very convenient, so screw stairs are ordered either when there is no place to install marches, or when the owners of the house deliberately sacrifice convenience for the sake of beauty.In some cases, use a combined version — for example, one interfloor span is performed in the form of a direct march, and above arrange a spiral staircase. 90003 90002 Reliable foundation 90003 90002 According to the method of fixing the steps to the base, there are stairs on kosoura, strings and bolts. 90003 90002 Kosouur — this is a bearing beam, on which the steps are supported from above. As a rule, it is made of steel profile pipe, less often from solid wood. The steps can be located on one central kosoura or on two lateral ones.Such structures are extremely durable and reliable. In the designs of small-sized staircases, modular strips are often used, assembled from hinged chain-type or Z-shaped parts. Modules can be rotated relative to each other, which allows you to vary the configuration of the ladder and set the desired turn of the march with the runners. 90003 90092 90002 90025 For safe operation, a staircase with more than three steps must be fenced. The height of the fence — at least 90 see. If the house has small children, then for their safety the distance between the racks of the enclosure should be no more than 12 cm.90026 90003 90097 90002 Stretched string 90003 90002 Ladders on the strings are also very popular. Bowstring — inclined longitudinal beams, similar to Kosovra, but the steps to them are not attached from above, but cut from the inside into the side faces. Bowstring can be metallic, but most often they are made of wood, with predominantly oak. A reliable fixation of the stages is provided by special tightening, having a rigid construction. Bowstring can be not only straight, but also have complex bent shapes.Especially beautiful look spiral stairs on the strings. 90003 90002 Soaring in weightlessness 90003 90002 Incredibly beautiful staircases in the mountains. Light, airy, without visible support, they seem to soar in the air. Such staircases are often called cantilevered, because their steps are attached directly to the wall by one end using special fastening systems, invisible from the outside. To ensure the stability of the ladder march steps are pulled together by the rods — the bolts. Because of the apparent lightness, the stairs on the masters are mistakenly perceived as less stable and stable than other structures, although in fact they are absolutely reliable and safe.In addition, these ladders are highly technological. In the event of damage to the stage, it can easily be changed without violating the integrity of neighboring elements. The structure can be adjusted in the case of a natural draft of the building and the occurrence of other deformations. 90003 90002 A strong alliance 90003 90002 The bearing function for the cantilever ladder is the walls. Therefore, this design can only be installed on a load-bearing wall made of solid brick or concrete. In case you plan to install «floating» steps near a wall of foam blocks or plasterboard, you will have to strengthen the structure.To do this, use complex systems in which there are both the painters and one kosour. On one side (at the wall) the stage is supported by a metal kosour, on the other — the steps are connected by bolts. 90003 90002 It is not recommended to mount the console and to the wooden walls. In this case, the load is redistributed between the masters and the wooden string. 90003 90092 90002 90025 Wooden ladders are subject to shrinkage. They are fixed not rigidly, but mounted on adjustable screws, which need to be twisted as the shrinkage occurs.If a wooden staircase is installed in a wooden house with its own shrinkage character, only the base of the ladder, resting on the floor, is fixed fixedly. 90026 90003 90097 90002 Wooden Renaissance 90003 90002 Modern materials for the production and decoration of stairs are diverse, but the most popular is wood. This material is in tune with the classical interior, and country, and Provence, and chalets. The best examples of wooden stairs are those that are made of hardwoods — oak, beech, ash.They are not only beautiful, but also extremely durable, reliable and durable. Ladders are also produced from soft (pine, spruce, cedar) and semi-quedged species (birch, maple). They are cheaper, but they are inferior in quality and service life to their «noble» brothers. However, there is an alternative to hardwood stairs — this is glued pine wood. It is not subject to deformation and cracking. Therefore, today, most often, customers choose models of stairs in which all the structural elements are made of laminated wood and veneered with precious wood.But wood-shaving, fibreboard and other composite plates are strictly contraindicated for staircases. 90003 90002 In the brilliance of steel and glass 90003 90002 Metal is the most durable material for stairs. Polished steel in combination with wood or glass is an excellent combination that fits perfectly into any modern interior. For the manufacture of staircases, glass is used, which is manufactured using the technology of multilayer gluing (triplex). And in order that the steps do not slip, they are applied special rough bands, increasing the coefficient of friction.90003 90002 The staircase with glass steps looks great with a fence made of polished steel or clear glass. The design seems extremely fragile, transparent, almost weightless, but in terms of reliability it is not inferior to classic models of stairs. 90003 90002 90116 4 constructive rules for the construction of stairs 90117 90003 90119 90120 Optimal slope of the interior staircase. 30-40 degrees. If you make stairs steeper, climb and even more descend on it will be inconvenient. 90121 90120 The width of the ladder is usually selected in the range of «1-120».A simple configuration ladder built along one wall can be a width of 80 cm. 90121 90120 The most convenient turn of the stairs is through the platform. But if there is no place for its installation, then the turn is carried out through the steps. The optimal number of them is three to one rotation of 90 degrees. 90121 90120 The dimensions of the steps must correspond to the length of the step of the person. The optimum dimensions of the steps: the width of the tread 29-30 cm, the height of the step (the distance between the steps) is 16-17, 90121 90132 90002 © Author: Nina Mishina 90003 90030 90004 Stairs in a private house — the advice of professionals 90005 90030 90218 Where are your stairs? 90219 90002 Even a one-story country house sometimes needs an internal staircase — to master the attic.And what is the preferred staircase design? Do it yourself or entrust the work to professionals? And can, in general buy or purchase in shop? We tell about all the options. 90003 90002 The lower the staircase the easier it is to walk along it. In the most convenient for the descent and ascent, the incline interval 30-45 ° is mainly constructed by marching structures. Having overcome a number of steps, on such a ladder you can rest on the platform and continue the movement. Another fairly common option is a spiral staircase.Due to the lack of recreational areas and circular traffic, it is considered less comfortable, but takes up less space than the march. All kinds of attachable and folding structures, of course, even more compact, but inferior in convenience of use. 90003 90218 Stairs Structures 90219 90002 90116 On the strings. 90117 90003 90002 The steps of these stairs are held by means of grooves, overhead or welded fasteners on two inclined, parallel beams (they are called strings). These stairs are made mainly of wood or metal.90003 90002 90116 On the 90117 90116 Kosourakh. 90117 90003 90002 Such structures have a tooth-shaped base, on the horizontal sections of which the steps rest. Steps can support both a pair of socks (by analogy with stairs on strings), and one that passes under the center of each step. 90003 90002 90116 Console. 90117 90003 90002 Each stage of the cantilever ladder is mounted in the thickness of the wall, the other end has no support. There are no risers, and often rails. Thus, an illusion of lightness of design is created.To ensure that the staircase is reliable, steps made of reinforced concrete are embedded in the wall no less than 20 cm, and for wooden steps, it is necessary to install steel console brackets carrying the main load. 90003 90002 90116 On the 90117 90116 the pains. 90117 90003 90002 As support for the steps, there are special support units, bolts in the sleeves, which not only hold the steps, but also allow, if necessary, to adjust the fasteners. Such designs make it possible to improvise with the configuration in place.Due to the fact that the steps do not have risers, the ladder is perceived to be easier. 90003 90002 90116 Screw (90117 90116 spiral). 90117 90003 90002 Their structures consist of radially spaced (wedge-shaped) steps, supporting elements and handrails. «Screws» can be adjacent to the bearing walls or be mounted on a vertically located central pole or post. As supports, spiral strings or bowstrings can be used. There are spiral staircases on the bolts. 90003 90002 90116 Combined stairs 90117 90003 90002 Stairs combine in their design various principles of the device.For example, the steps are embedded in a wall, like a cantilever ladder, but on the other hand they are supported by a string. 90003 90002 90003 90002 Everything has its time and place 90003 90002 The type and construction of the future staircase is desirable to determine in the design of the house. After all, for marching systems, the configuration and arrangement of the openings will be the same, for screw systems — the others. The time of construction can also make a difference. For example, reinforced concrete ladders and cantilever marches (of any materials) are built with walls, and wooden and some metal structures are often erected together with the installation of windows and doors — before the finishing works.90003 90002 And yet mistakes are correctable. Was the stair uncomfortable or ugly? Want to move it? By means of a modern modular system, it will be possible to solve the problem without changing the layout especially and not touching the joists, which is also important. Often to inscribe a design in «inconvenient» space stairs on bolts are allowed. 90003 90002 Comfort by calculation 90003 90002 The main parameters of the stairs are defined in SNiP 2.08.01-89 «Residential buildings» and GOST 25772-83 «Enclosures of balconies and steel roofs», they should be adhered to.Otherwise, the inconvenience of using may be only half the trouble — much more dangerous than trauma from falls. Here are the most significant figures of K. 90003 90002 When designing the ladder, the rules are followed: the width of the tread plus the two height of the risers are equal to the average length of the step, that is, 60-65, 90003 90119 90120 The width of the tread is at least 27 cm. 90121 90120 The height of the riser is selected by 15-18, 90121 90120 All stair risers should have the same height.90121 90120 The number of steps on the march is allowed from 3 to 90121 90120 Recommended lifting angles for the main stairs are 30, 35, 40 and 45 °. 90121 90120 The width of the staircase should be 0,8-1 m. 90121 90120 The distance between any step and ceiling is not less than 2 m. 90121 90120 Handrails are located at a height of 0,9 m from the gap. 90121 90120 The distances between the neighboring staircase racks make 10-15 see. 90121 90132 90002 90116 We build a ladder together with walls 90117 90003 90002 First of all, in the process of erecting walls, there is the construction of reinforced concrete staircases, as well as the laying of parts for the cantilever ladder.Monolithic ladders are relevant, of course, in houses made of reinforced concrete or brick, a priori having a foundation designed for large loads. But foam and aerated concrete belong to light building materials, and under a monolithic staircase made of reinforced concrete in such a house, as well as under a stove, a separate reinforced base will be required. 90003 90002 A form forms a monolithic reinforced concrete staircase. Fine bends are obtained due to the elasticity of the building sheets, which along with the board are used to create volumes for pouring.Wide possibilities of furnish — a tile, a tree, a stone, the laminated panels — plus forged metal protections allow to issue a ladder in an individual manner and in the necessary style. The cost price of such a design is quite affordable, and reliability is high. The option, perhaps, can be called the best for a stone house. 90003 90002 90003 90002 Building a ladder of wood 90003 90002 Wooden staircases look organically in wooden houses. Due to their low weight, they can also be recommended for all low-rise buildings with lightweight foundations.As for the construction of the staircase itself, there are several options. The most budgetary one is to entrust the erection of stairs from ordinary lumber to the same builders who are building a house. Then, at least, the problems of installing the structure in the opening will disappear: if necessary, there will be both a platform between the marches, and the required angle of rotation between the flights, and the stagnant steps. The lack of such a solution is in the uncomplicated design and the softness of coniferous wood that go to the lumber.(On dull wood, dents from the heels may remain, and other damage is likely.) 90003 90002 Tailor-made 90003 90002 It is customary to make a staircase in your house if not an object of design, then certainly an ornament of the interior. And therefore many people prefer to entrust the creation to professionals. The design is made to order from hardwoods, often from oak, decorated with intricate wooden balusters or forging. Problems with the installation also does not happen: the order is made after all the measurements.In addition, companies involved in the manufacture of private staircases provide a wide range of services. Polistav catalog of work performed, someone will necessarily refuse the wooden staircase in favor of metal or even glass, or ask instead of the usual Kosovar ladder on the bolts. 90003 90002 In the chopped house stairs are put only after it is shrunk 90003 90002 Module by module 90003 90002 Modular ladder, screw or march, you can choose from the catalog, having previously made certain measurements, when the house is already built.Or vice versa, first buy a ladder, and under it already leave an opening. And although the configuration of such products is simplified, the assortment due to design and design features still turns out to be interesting, but mostly in modern stylistics. 90003 90002 The order can be issued and on-line, and after receiving the packaging, collect the ladder yourself. Due to the possibility of adjusting the height of the risers and the angle of rotation of the stages, the factory readiness design fits perfectly into the existing opening.The option itself is highly reliable, because the manufacturer guarantees the claimed characteristics of the test reports. 90003 90002 Plus, the finished staircase does not require the adjustment of parts, the finish coat, and its installation takes place without dirt — it does not affect the interior finish. In addition, the option is attractive at an affordable price and speed of assembly. 90003 90002 From west to east 90003 90002 In the warehousing programs of domestic dealers, who offer imported modular ladders, there is often only the most popular commodity.90003 90002 90003 90002 It may very well be that a suitable model should be ordered at the factory through the same dealer or independently. Time of execution of the order will be in this case from a month to six months, and the price for an individual order is unlikely to be attractive. Therefore, not having found the necessary import model in a warehouse, it makes sense to study offers of domestic manufacturers. 90003 90002 In the range — finished wooden, steel stairs on strings and strips with standard angles of ascent.Their possibilities of adaptation in place are limited, since the angle of lifting can not be changed, and to fit the product under the opening, it is often required to build a podium. In addition, domestic wooden stairs are sold without finishing. 90003 90002 © Author: T. Gagarina 90003 90030 90343 Stairs in a private house with their own hands — video 90005 90002 © Author: Famous Construction Journalist Vadim Kovalev 90003 90347 90348 TOOLS FOR MASTERS AND MASTERS, AND HOME GOODS ARE VERY CHEAP.FREE SHIPPING. THERE ARE REVIEWS. 90349 90350 90218 Below other entries on the topic «How to make your own hands — a householder!» 90219 90120 Finishing the concrete stairs with your own hands Concrete staircase with wooden trim After … 90121 90120 Wooden spiral staircase with their own hands (photo) How to make a spiral staircase from … 90121 90120 Safe ladder for a child and an elderly person — options for anti-slip pads HOW TO MAKE A LADDER CONVENIENT AND… 90121 90120 Do-it-yourself staircase in a limited space INSTEAD OF AN OLD AND UNCOMFORTABLE STAIR … 90121 90120 Stairs to the garden with their own hands A street staircase at the cottage for … 90121 90120 We choose an attic staircase — how and which one is better? How to choose the right ladder for … 90121 90120 Direct march staircase at the dacha with your own hands — drawings How to make a ladder on the second … 90030 90367 Subscribe to updates in our groups and share.90219 90367 Let’s be friends! 90219 90121.90000 How Much Will a New Staircase Cost? 90001 90002 90003 If your stairs have fallen deeply into despair, having a stair replacement will really kick-start a renovation. Especially since it’s a significant feature within our homes, both structurally and visually. The construction must be safe enough to hold our load and allow us comfortable access to the floors above. On top of this great responsibly it still needs to look inviting too! 90004 90002 Replacement staircases are seemingly limitless in shapes and sizes, materials and designs.When it comes to staircase cost, the material, craftsmanship and overall design are all hugely significant factors. 90004 90002 Finding realistic prices for a standard staircase replacement does not have to be tough. We have assembled the key information and guidance on stair costs, right down to the installation. 90008 90004 90010 Quotes 90011 90002 If you would prefer to get straight in and get some quotes from experts in your area, simply click the button below: 90008 90004 90015 Comparing Quotes Could Save You Up To 40%: 90008 90017 90008 90019 Click To Get Quotes 90010 Building Regulations For Replacing a Staircase 90011 90002 First of all, there is a set of specific building regulations regarding staircases.These guidelines cover a range of technical specifications, ensuring both safety and comfort for homeowners. It covers shapes and dimensions: height, level, pitch and length. Clearances must also be taken into account, right down to the smaller details such as handrails and balustrades. 90004 90002 If you’re fitting a similar replacement staircase, you’re unlikely to encounter problems as the dimensions should be very similar. 90004 90002 For new additions to a building, such as loft conversions or extensions, you are making a significant change to the building.You will need to ensure your designs abide by the set regulations. 90004 90002 The key aspects of these building regulations include the following: 90004 90002 — The minimum depth of step should be 220mm. Measurement taken from nosing to nosing of the next step. 90004 90002 — The height of each step should lie between 190mm and 220mm. 90004 90002 — The standard recommended width of a staircase is 850mm, but this is not compulsory. 90004 90002 — The headroom on the landing should be at least 200mm or 190mm for loft conversions.90004 90002 — The pitch of a flight of stairs should not be too steep (exceeding 42 °). 90004 90002 Full details of the UK building regulations for staircases is also available online. If you’re working with professional tradesmen or architects, they should already be working to these guidelines. 90004 90002 With new additions or significant changes to staircase design, you must contact your local building authority. They will need to come to review the work, then sign it off. Expect to pay £ 200 for this service if you’re doing the work yourself.90004 90002 If you’re unsure about this process seek advice from your local building authority, help is freely available over the phone. 90004 90015 Comparing Quotes Could Save You Up To 40%: 90008 90017 90008 90019 Click To Get Quotes 90010 Cost of Replacing a Staircase 90011 90002 When calculating the cost of a new staircase, the chosen design and material will be the most significant factors. 90004 90002 — Standard straight staircases start as low as £ 250 90004 90002 — Bespoke designs start much higher at £ 3000 90004 90002 — Radical bespoke designs can rocket up to £ 25,000! 90004 90002 As you can see, the sky really is the limit when staircase prices are concerned.But coming back down to earth, see below for a list of the average staircase costs with different designs and materials. The prices shown are ballpark figures for a good quality staircase. 90004 90002 90015 Design Softwood Hardwood (Ash / Oak) 90017 90004 90002 Straight £ 380 £ 1100 90004 90002 Single Winder £ 510 £ тисячі триста сімдесят п’ять 90004 90002 Double Winder £ 660 £ 1725 90004 90002 Quarter Landing £ 425 £ 1250 90004 90002 Half Landing £ 510 £ 1600 90004 90002 Triple Winder £ 785 £ 1875 90004 90002 Z Shape £ 700 £ 2075 90004 90002 Straight Mid Landing £ 500 £ 1700 90004 90002 Double landing £ 500 £ 1600 90004 90002 * VAT needs to be placed on top, delivery will cost extra.90004 90002 Square posts, spindles, and flat newel caps come as standard. 90004 90002 Turned posts, Georgian spindles, and ball caps, will increase prices by 10% + 90004 90002 Installation costs can rise depending on the ease of access, lower levels are usually much cheaper than higher levels. Complexity and scale also needs to be taken into consideration. 90004 90002 Typically a carpenter will install an average staircase within a few days, so expect to pay £ 200 £ 400 +. 90004 90002 Large savings can be had if you are confident enough to install the staircase yourself.Keep in mind the difficulty of the job without experience, it takes patience and a little muscle. 90004 90002 Let’s say you want the entire job completed by professionals, measuring, building, installing, even removal and disposal of your old staircase. An average price for replacing a staircase in this case would be £ 2000 — £ 4000. 90004 90002 By ordering stairs yourself and then having a carpenter fit them, you could save £ 500 +. 90004 90015 Comparing Quotes Could Save You Up To 40%: 90008 90017 90008 90019 Click To Get Quotes 90010 How Long Will a Stair Replacement Take? 90011 90002 If you are planning on installing a bespoke design staircase you need to have accurate plans draw up by an architect.This process can take up to 10 weeks. The actual manufacture of the staircase may take a further 2-4 weeks. 90004 90002 In most cases, a basic made-to-measure staircase only requires measurements from floor to floor. Yourself or professional tradesmen easily take these. Once you have confirmed your specification with a supplier, they will produce a replacement staircase within a week. 90004 90002 It will take a carpenter around two days to fit a new staircase. More time should be allowed when removing an existing staircase too.You must consider access during this time; you may not be able to access the second floor! Expect a lot of dust and general disturbance during both the removal and installation stages. 90004 90002 If you are considering fitting replacement stairs, you can seek valuable advice from the British Woodworking Federation. Also, remember to contact your local building authority before starting the job! 90004 90015 Comparing Quotes Could Save You Up To 40%: 90008 90017 90008 90019 Click To Get Quotes .90000. Nominative Absolute Participial Construction 90001 . Nominative Absolute Participial Construction ← • • → 90002 90003, 1: 90002 [374] [375] [376] [377] [378] [379] [380] [381] 90005 90003, 2 : [382] [383] [384] [385] [386] [387] [388] 90005 90003, 3 90009 90010 (Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) 90011 90012 [389] [390] [391] [392] [393] [394] [395] 90005 90003 90003 90009 (Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) 90012 90005 90009 90010 The day being piercing cold, 90011 90012 he had no desire to loiter.90005 90003 90009, 90012 . 90005 90028 389 ,. 90029 1. You can set your mind at ease, 90030 all being well 90031. 2. 90030 There being no chance of escape 90031, the thief was arrested on the spot. 3. Oliver knocked weakly at the door and, 90030 all his strength failing him 90031, sank near the door. 4. 90030 The bridge having been swept away by the flood 90031, the train was late.5. 90030 There being little time left 90031, they hired a cab to get to the theatre in time. 6. 90030 It being cold and damp 90031, a fire was lighted for the weary travellers to warm themselves by. 7. 90030 It being pretty late 90031, they decided to postpone their visit. 8. 90030 The hour being late 90031, she hastened home. 9. 90030 The sun having set an hour before 90031, it was getting darker. 10. 90030 The weather being cold 90031, he put on his overcoat. 11. 90030 The weather having changed 90031, we decided to stay where we were.12. 90030 The weather being very warm 90031, the closet window was left open. 13. 90030 And the wind having dropped 90031, they set out to walk. 14. 90030 The vessel being pretty deep in the water and the weather being calm 90031, there was but little motion. 15. 90030 The resistance being very high 90031, the current in the circuit was very low. 16. 90030 This material being a dielectri 90031, no current can flow through it. 17. The next morning, 90030 it being Sunday 90031, they all went to church.18. For the moment the shop was empty, 90030 the mechanic having disappeared into a room at the back. 90031 19. 90030 There being nothing else on the table 90031, Oliver replied that he was not hungry. 20. 90030 Mrs. Maylie being tired 90031, they returned more slowly home. 21. 90030 Their search revealing nothing 90031, Clyde and she walked to a corner. 22. 90030 The wind being favourable 90031, our yacht will reach the island in no time. 23. I had long tasks every day to do with Mr.Mell, but I did them, 90030 there being no Mr. and Miss Murdstone here 90031. 24. 90030 It being now pretty late 90031, we took our candles and went upstairs. 25. 90030 He being no more heard of 90031, it was natural to forget everything. 26. He started about five, 90030 Riggs having informed him 90031 that the way would take him three hours. 27. 90030 Our horses being weary 90031, it was agreed that we should come to a halt. 28. 90030 It having been decided 90031 that they should not go out on account of the weather, the members of the party were busy writing their notes.29. 90030 The wind stirring among trees and bushes 90031, we could hear nothing. 90003 His story told, he leaned back and sighed. 90005 90003,. 90005 90028 390 ,. 90029 1. 90030 The treaty having been signed 90031, trade was at once resumed. 2. About eleven o’clock, 90030 the snow having thawed, and the day being finer and a little warmer than the previous one 90031, he went out again. 3.90030 Dinner being over 90031, we assembled in the drawing room. 4. 90030 The fifth of June arriving, 90031 they departed. 5. 90030 His directions to the porter finished, 90031 he came up to his niece. 6. 90030 This being understood, 90031 the conference was over. 7. 90030 The constraint caused by the old man’s presence having worn off a little, 90031 the conversation became more lively. 8. 90030 This done, and Sikes having satisfied his appetite, 90031 the two men lay down on chairs for a short nap.9. 90030 The concert being over, 90031 the lottery came next. 10. 90030 Dinner being over, 90031 the old lady asked Barbara to come and sit on the sofa near her. 11. Then, 90030 the house search proving that she was not there, 90031 Asa went outside to look up and down the street. 12. 90030 All the necessary preparations having been made with utmost secrecy, 90031 the army launched an attack. 13. 90030 The cathode heated, 90031 the electrons leave the surface and move to the anode.14. 90030 Electrons moving through a wire, 90031 electrical energy is generated. 90003 Sir Henry was deep in his papers, his long white hands moving nervously. 90005 90003 , () . 90005 90028 391 ,. 90029 1. Then they heard the noise of the plane, its shadow passing over the open glade. 2. She remembered him talking, his glasses magnifying his round blue eyes. 3. She sat staring into the fire, the sock forgotten on her knee.4. He heard the bathers coming up the sandy road, their voices ringing through the quiet. 5. They continued their way, the boy sobbing quietly, the man ashamed. 6. They went down the stairs together, Aileen lingering behind a little. 7. He lifted the lid and kept it in his hand while she was drinking, both standing. 8. She danced light as a feather, eyes shining, feet flying, her body bent a little forward. 9. We walked very slowly home, Agnes and I admiring the moonlight, and Mr. Wickfield scarcely rising his eyes from the ground.10. They walked quickly through street after street, the Dodger leading and Oliver at his heels. 11. He was standing there silent, a bitter smile curling his lips. 12. The dog sat close to the table, his tail thumping now and again upon the floor, his eyes fixed expectantly on his master. 13. The electrons move with varying velocities, their velocity depending on the temperature and nature of the material. 14. Any moving object can do work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity.15. Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being the Russian scientist A. S. Popov. 90003 She stood silent, her lips pressed together. 90005 90003 ,. 90005 90028 392 ,. 90029 1. She stood listlessly, her head dropping upon her breast. 2. She rose from the bed and removed her coat and stood motionless, her head bent, her hands clasped before her. 3. Pale-lipped, his heart beating fast, Andrew followed the secretary.4. Jack sat silent, his long legs stretched out. 5. The speaker faced the audience, his hand raised for silence. 6. sat down quickly, his face buried in his hands. 7. Clyde sat up, his eyes fixed not on anything here but rather on the distant scene at the lake. 8. She hurried along, her heels crunching in the packed snow. 90003 Then she sprang away and ran around the desks and benches, with Tom running after her. 90005 90003 ,. 90005 90028 393 ,.90029 1. Little Paul sat, with his chin resting on his hand. 2. He stood, with his arms folded. 3. Lanny stood looking at the lorry rolling away, with his cheek burning and his fists clenched. 4. She stood there, with her brows frowning, her blue eyes looking before her. 5. He leant a little forward over the table, with his wrists resting upon it. 6. And then came the final moment, with the guards coming for him. 7. He slowly and carefully spread the paper on the desk, with Lowell closely watching.8. She was standing on the rock ready to dive, with the green water below inviting her. 9. Twenty minutes later he came out of number seven, pale, with his lips tightly compressed and an odd expression on his face. 10. Little Oliver Twist was lying on the ground, with his shirt unbuttoned and his head thrown back. 11. The girl wandered away, with tears rolling down her cheeks. 12. The moonlit road was empty, with the cool wind blowing in their faces. 13. She sat on the steps, with her arms crossed upon her knees.14. Then, with her heart beating fast, she went up and rang the bell. 90028 394 ,. 90029 1. As our work was finished, we went home. 2. If the letter is posted today, the news will reach them tomorrow. 3. If mother permits us, we shall go to the theatre. 4. When the working day was over, she went straight home. 5. As a storm was arising, the ship entered the harbour. 6. When the packing had been done, the girls left for the station. 7. As the stop was a long one, the girls got off the train.8. As the weather was perfect, Lydia played tennis every day. 9. As the last month was a very busy one, she could not answer her friend’s letter. 10. If time permits, we shall come a few days earlier. 11. When the third bell had gone, the curtain slowly rose. 12. As the underground station was not far, we walked there. 13. Bill could not sleep the whole night, as there was something wrong with his eye. 14. As the rules were very strict, the doorkeeper did not permit Bill to enter. 15. As the front door was open, she could see straight through the house.16. Rip had no desire to work on his farm, for it was to his mind the worst piece of land in the neighbourhood. 17. They stood there; the night wind was shaking the drying whispering leaves. 18. As the situation was urgent, we had to go ahead. 19. When the greetings were over, Old Jolyon seated himself in a wicker chair. 20. The town of Crewe is known to be one of the most busy junctions in England: many railway lines pass through it. 21. We set off; the rain was still coming down heavily. 22. After a private sitting room had been engaged, bedrooms inspected and dinner ordered, the party walked out to view the city.23. Dinner was served on the terrace, as it was very close in the room. 24. Thoughtful, Andrew finished his omelette; his eyes were all the time fixed upon the microscope. 25. There was in fact nothing to wait for, and we got down to work. 26. The question was rather difficult to answer at once, and I asked for permission to think it over. 27. He stood leaning against the wall, his arms were folded. 28. There was very little time left; we had to hurry. 29. Of an evening he read aloud; his small son sat by his side.30. The new engines were safely delivered, all of them were in good order. 31. Our efforts to start the car had failed, and we spent the night in a nearby village. 90003 : 90005 90003 Time permitting, we shall go for a walk. 90005 90003,. 90005 90028 395 ,. 90029 1.,. 2.,. 3.:,. 4.,. 5.,. 6.,. 7.; . 8.,. 9.,.10., . 11.,. 12.,. 13.,. 14.,. 15.,. 16.,. 17.,. 18.,. 90150 90151 90152 90153 90154 Participle I (ing-) 90155 90154 Participle II (III) 90155 90158 90153 90154 taking -, 90155 90154 taken — 90155 90158 90153 90154 doing -, 90155 90154 done — 90155 90158 90171 90172 90151 90152 90153 90154 90155 90154 Active 90155 90154 Passive 90155 90158 90153 90154 Present 90155 90154 writing 90155 90154 being written 90155 90158 90153 90154 Perfect 90155 90154 having written 90155 90154 having been written 90155 90158 90153 90154 Past 90155 90154 — 90155 90154 written 90155 90158 90171 90172 90150 90003:; 90005 90003 Top 90005 90150 .